| Description and source of typological name (Russian) |
Деепричастие - нефинитная форма глагола (вербоид), обозначающая второстепенное действие, подчинённое главному, выраженному в предложении сказуемым или инфинитивом в различных синтаксических функциях.
Деепричастия распространены в языках различных типов.
В некоторых языках деепричастие может обозначать действие, субъект которого не тождествен субъекту действия, выраженного сказуемым. В кавказских и алтайских языках развитая система деепричастий выполняет функции, соответствующие функциям различных типов придаточных предложений в индоевропейских языках. В алтайских языках деепричастие употребляется также для выражения подчинённого действия при модальных и фазовых глаголах, например в татарском языке «укый башлау» ‘начать читать’ (букв. ‘читая начать’), «укый бел» ‘уметь читать’ (букв. ‘читая знать’). Деепричастие входит также в состав аналитических видо-временных форм глагола.
// Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь // Гл. Ред. В.Н. Ярцева. - М.: Большая Российская энциклопедия, 2002. - 709 с. - С. 128. |
| Description and source of typological name (English) |
The term ‘converb,’ coined by Ramstedt (1903: 55), is adopted from the Altaic linguistic tradition. It is becoming increasingly used to describe a dependent verb form traditionally known in the literature by the labels gerund, adverbial participle, and absolute construction (in European, and particularly Romance, languages), gérondif (specifically in French), conjunctive or absolutive participle (in South Asian languages) and deepričastie (in Russian, and in descriptions of languages of the Caucasus, Northern Asia, and Central Asia). Recent typological research has sought to establish whether these various terms, born of their different descriptive traditions, actually represent a single grammatical category.
A converb is a type of verb form that functions as a clause linking device. The clause containing the converb stands in a dependent relationship to a matrix clause and encodes a restrictive (modifying) or nonrestrictive (nonmodifying) proposition with respect to its matrix clause predicate. Languages of Western Europe tend to have either no converbs at all or just one or two forms, such as the participle VERB -ing form of English that functions as an adverbial adjunct and the gérondif of French. At the other extreme are languages with highly complex con- verb systems, such as Korean, which has at least 34 forms.
Recent definitions of the converb are based upon a combination of syntactic, semantic, and morphological criteria. Not all of these criteria are necessarily found to coincide in all languages with dependent verb forms used as adjuncts. This lack of uniformity presents a significant obstacle to establishing a concise formulation as to what constitutes the converb category. Currently there is no consensus as to how widely or narrowly the definitional net should be cast.
Coupe A. R. Converbs // Brown Keith (ed.) - Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Elsevier, 2005. P. 145 - 146. |
